| Hebrew | Arabic | English | Language | |||||
| After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | Skill | ||
| Mean (S. D) | Mean (S. D) | Mean (S. D) | Mean (S. D) | Mean (S. D) | Mean (S. D) | |||
| 21.07 (3.42) | 20.97 (3.36) | 22.37 (3.80) | 22.10 (3.54) | 25.17 (3.69) | 18.13 (3.53) | Orthographic knowledge | ||
| F(1,58) = 0.01 | F(1,58) = 0.08 | F(1,58) = 56.96*** | ||||||
| 21.60 (3.47) | 16.10 (3.36) | 23.00 (3.81) | 16.80 (3.28) | 24.07 (3.53) | 15.20 (3.68) | Phonological awareness | ||
| F(1,58) = 38.94*** | F(1,58) = 45.15*** | F(1,58) = 90.63*** | ||||||
| 17.63 (4.01) | 14.23 (3.19) | 18.97 (4.71) | 14.77 (3.75) | 19.27 (3.74) | 13.73 (3.25) | Morphological awareness-1 | ||
| F(1,58) = 13.19** | F(1,58) = 14.61*** | F(1,58) = 37.43*** | ||||||
| 21.63 (3.05) | 18.00 (3.07) | 24.27 (3.00) | 19.17 (3.03) | 22.07 (4.08) | 15.27 (3.24) | Morphological awareness-2 | ||
| F(1,58) = 21.15*** | F(1,58) = 42.86*** | F(1,58) = 51.20*** | ||||||
| 23.83 (2.78) | 18.97 (2.81) | 24.67 (3.25) | 19.53 (3.36) | 26.30 (3.44) | 18.63 (3.47) | Morphological awareness-3 | ||
| F(1,58) = 45.47*** | F(1,58) = 36.15*** | F(1,58) = 73.98*** | ||||||
| 21.53 (2.78) | 18.33 (3.08) | 23.97 (2.74) | 19.50 (3.20) | 20.67 (3.21) | 14.93 (3.05) | Syntactic awareness-1 | ||
| F(1,58) = 17.88*** | F(1,58) = 33.74*** | F(1,58) = 50.30*** | ||||||
| 23.10 (3.98) | 19.83 (3.77) | 25.57 (3.00) | 21.37 (3.90) | 24.73 (4.14) | 18.03 (3.44) | Syntactic awareness-2 | ||
| F(1,58) = 10.66** | F(1,58) = 21.85*** | F(1,58) = 46.56*** | ||||||
| 20.37 (4.82) | 17.00 (4.32) | 23.13 (5.34) | 18.63 (4.94) | 21.10 (5.79) | 14.67 (4.29) | Reading accuracy | ||
| F(1,58) = 8.10** | F(1,58) = 11.47** | F(1,58) = 23.89*** | ||||||
| 14.57 (3.10) | 11.33 (2.23) | 15.63 (3.37) | 12.03 (2.94) | 14.83 (2.74) | 10.13 (2.26) | Reading comprehension | ||
| F(1,58) = 21.45*** | F(1,58) = 19.44*** | F(1,58) = 52.56*** | ||||||